![]() Most of this debate is based on (i) rejecting currently used diagnostic Auditory processing test batteries even though they are the best available as a gold standard approach, (ii) reaching conclusions regarding APD based on research of APD suspected individuals who have a primary diagnosis of another developmental disorder, without explicitly testing for APD. External factors contributing to negative psychosocial well-being in children with APD are environmentally based issues and support dissatisfaction ( 19).Īlthough APD is attracting increasing interest and recognition as a clinical entity among clinicians on the field and scientific organizations throughout the world, there is ongoing debate regarding its diagnosis and management. Academic skills affected are mostly in higher-order language like reading and spelling ( 18). These may burden community inclusion while interfering with communicational, social, emotional, and academic-work aspects of life. APD may have similar detrimental effects on the affected individual, with low esteem/anxiety ( 15), anxiety, and depression ( 16) and symptoms in developmental APD, which may persist in adulthood ( 17). The HL sequelae are well established, with higher rate of unemployment or employment at a lower grade of the hearing impaired ( 10) and increased risk for dementia ( 11), mental illness/depression ( 12, 13), and social isolation ( 14). The ICD-11 Beta version includes APD under diseases of the ear following a proposal by two of the authors of this paper seconded/commented upon by other co-authors. However, this categorization may be problematic in that it does not include presentations like “central presbycusis” ( 5) which may affect older adults with or without other cognitive impairments ( 6), or the distinct non-verbal processing disorders that are present in some but not all types of dementia ( 7, 8) of which few have a genetic component, or in neurological disorders with a genetic basis such as multiple sclerosis or in psychiatric disorders where auditory processing deficits are successfully addressed with auditory training ( 9). 1 It has been proposed that this disorder may be differentiated as (i) developmental APD, (ii) acquired APD (e.g., as a consequence of infections, neurologic trauma, stroke, or excessive noise exposure), and (iii) secondary APD ( 4). This disorder is defined as “Auditory Processing Disorder” (APD) or “Central Auditory Processing Disorder” (CAPD) and is currently classified in ICD-10 as H93.25 for both acquired and congenital forms. This hearing impairment, however, does not include the children and adult individuals who have normal hearing sensitivity but who experience auditory processing difficulties in everyday life that are reflected in reduced performance in other audiometric tests such as speech in noise or complex non-speech sound perception ( 3). Hearing loss (HL), i.e., reduced pure tone sensitivity affects over 5% of the world’s population ( 1) and is the fifth leading cause of Years Lived with Disability, a component of the Disability-Adjusted Life Year, used to measure the global burden of disease ( 2). ![]() Consensus on definition of the disorder, optimum diagnostic pathway, and appropriate management are highlighted alongside a perspective on future research focus. This European consensus presents the main symptoms, conditions, and specific medical history elements that should lead to auditory processing evaluation. A secondary aim is to identify issues that future research needs to address in order to further clarify the nature of APD and thus assist in optimum diagnosis and evidence-based management. ![]() The objective of the present paper is to define a baseline European APD consensus formulated by experienced clinicians and researchers in this specific field of human auditory science. These disorders may interfere with learning per se and with communication, social, emotional, and academic-work aspects of life. APDs may have detrimental effects on the affected individual, with low esteem, anxiety, and depression, and symptoms may remain into adulthood. ![]() This disorder, defined as “Auditory Processing Disorder” (APD) or “Central Auditory Processing Disorder” is classified in the current tenth version of the International Classification of diseases as H93.25 and in the forthcoming beta eleventh version. Current notions of “hearing impairment,” as reflected in clinical audiological practice, do not acknowledge the needs of individuals who have normal hearing pure tone sensitivity but who experience auditory processing difficulties in everyday life that are indexed by reduced performance in other more sophisticated audiometric tests such as speech audiometry in noise or complex non-speech sound perception.
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